For at least 150 years savvy food producers have recognized the advantages of having famous people be seen eating or drinking your brand; Victorian cricketers, famous actors, and even Pope Leo XIII all endorsed various products. (In the case of the pope, it was “Mariani Wine”, a mixture of alcohol and cocaine. He wasn’t the only celebrity endorsement for this powerful mix of stimulants and depressants- Thomas Edison and Ulysses S. Grant also allowed the company to use their likenesses in advertising.)

Astronauts were instant celebrities who could get various endorsement deals once they were back on the ground, but NASA’s policy of refusing to allow branded goods in space meant that even those few items that were available on earth and in space were never mentioned officially. M&M’s were the astronaut’s favorite candy, as the earthside version was perfectly suited to consumption in space, but they were only ever referred to officially as “candy coated chocolates.” The Soviet space program had a reason to be hostile to a capitalist idea like brand advertising, but after the fall of communism the cash-strapped Russian program became receptive to any idea for making money. The first company to make an attractive offer was not a Russian firm, but Pizza Hut, whose namesake product does not seem like a natural candidate for space travel. The bread dough crust can create crumbs that float around the capsule, the toppings have to be firmly glued down with cheese, and pizza isn’t at its best after 30 minutes in the car, so imagine how it would taste after the hours necessary to achieve departure from the earth’s gravitational field. Nevertheless the company was willing to pay a million dollars to have a pizza sent to the International Space Station, so in 2001 a logo was painted on the side of a Progress rocket, seen below guarded by a stern-looking  security officer.  

The sight of an American company’s logo on a Russian spacecraft outraged some Russian nationalist groups, but the pizza apparently was popular on the station. The pepperoni that was astronaut Yuri Usachov’s favorite topping was deemed unsuitable so salami was substituted, and extra herbs were added to the sauce to make up for lack of sensitivity to taste that plagues all space travelers. Whether Pizza Hut got their money’s worth for the ad is hard to calculate, but they did get bragging rights for the most distant take-out pizza delivery in history, and that has to count for something.

The passenger jet era started in 1952, when the British De Havilland Comet took to the skies. It flew twice the speed of piston aircraft, there was less vibration and noise, and it could soar over storms other aircraft had to fly through. Traveling by jet immediately became a sign of status, and American aircraft companies that had no jets ready for sale watched as business went to Britain. The rush stopped two years later when Comets started crashing due to a design flaw, one for which the manufacturer had no quick fix, and the aircraft were pulled out of service. Passengers were used to the speed and comfort of jet travel, but though Boeing and Douglas Aircraft were trying to rush one into production, neither company would have models available for four years. It was only two years before an unexpected competitor arrived on the scene, as seen in this picture:

Photo courtesy of Aeroflot archives

When the first Tupolev 104 landed in London in 1956, Western experts were shocked not only by the fact that the Soviets could build such a sophisticated aircraft, but by the standard of decor and service aboard. The cabin was lavishly decorated with high quality materials – where American designers would have used aluminum for wall trim, the Soviets used polished brass and mahogany. The picture above is of service in first class, but the tourist class cabin was almost as luxurious. You can see the Tiffany-style lamps with leaded glass panes at every table – it was almost as if the designers were showing off the lifting power of their engines by being so careless about weight. As you can also see, the service used gold-trimmed china, different glasses for wines and vodka, a la carte service at a time when other carriers were transitioning to pre-made frozen meals. There was apparently even one configuration of the TU-104 that allowed passengers to phone from their seats to the galley to request meals. The galley that those meals came from was probably primitive compared to American aircraft, but that was a problem for the stewardesses, not the passengers.

Eager for a propaganda victory at a time when only they had TU-104s, the state airline Aeroflot unleashed a barrage of advertising about the speed and comfort of their aircraft.

That appears to be a pineapple in the foreground of this Dutch advertisement, a sight that would have Russians salivating; fresh tropical fruit was a very rare luxury in the Soviet days.

The TU-104’s era of dominance was brief – in 1958 Boeing released the 707, followed quickly by Douglas’s DC-8. Both were faster, quieter, and carried more passengers, and they quickly dominated the passenger aircraft market. Tupolev continued developing jet aircraft and had some success with later models, but never turned out another aircraft that offered such lavish surroundings.

The mystery of the object in the middle of the Continental Airlines aisle has been solved – it’s a film projector. The first movies shown on scheduled flights debuted in May of 1962 aboard TWA, so for Continental to put a projector in an ad that same year showed prospective passengers that they were keeping up with technology. Thanks to Greg Hemsath for identifying it.

Any questions? Please feel free to send an email to me at richard@richardfoss.com…

In the 1950’s SAS Scandinavian Airlines was famous for their fine food, taking smorgasbord dining to the skies and provoking what came to be called the “sandwich wars.” The good people at the SAS Museet in Oslo sent me some pictures of service in this era, and the accompanying shot attracted my attention. Crayfish and akavit are delicious together, but under the best of circumstances removing the shells from crayfish can be messy and create a lot of small litter. Scandinavian gourmets might be expert at removing the shells without getting bits on their lap, but it must have been humorous to watch Americans who had never seen the creatures before trying to dine with the same delicacy of their neighbors. The unintentional inflight entertainment would have been another benefit of traveling SAS during the years when all carriers vied to provide the best of everything to their passengers.

I mentioned on the front page that I’d sometimes be asking your help figuring out what was going on in some of the pictures I’ve found over the years, and I’d like to do that right now. Take a look at this Continental Airlines advertisement from 1962: 

1. First of all, what is the thing on the table? I see a speaker grille on the side facing the camera, those look like controls on the top, and it looks vaguely like a reel-to-reel tape player – but why would one of those be in the middle of an aircraft cabin? It’s not a television, because even though transistor TV’s that were smaller than tube models became available that year, the most compact was about a foot wide. There was also no way to receive television in flight at that time. Whatever the thing is, nobody seems to be paying any attention to it.

2. The electronic equipment of that era was expensive, heavy, and fragile. The mystery object is sitting on a flat table in an aircraft with nothing holding it down, making it a projectile waiting to happen at the first sign of turbulence. Nothing good could happen to it or the people drinking Champagne nearby in that case.

3. The mystery thing is sitting on a partition in the cabin that looks like it has a frosted plastic insert. Since it is in the center of the aisle, it might have some small degree of functionality if the idea is to make it unable to clearly see the people on the other side of the cabin, but that’s all I can think of when it comes to utility.

Those are my questions… anyone with answers is invited to contact me at richard@richardfoss.com.

In my book I mentioned a promotion that was a triumph of making lemonade when life gives you lemons – the period from 1960 to 1962 when New York-based Mohawk Airlines was flying from Albany to Buffalo with DC-3s that really should have been in museums. After passengers complained about the outdated aircraft, some marketing genius decided that if they were struck with old airplanes, they might as well decorate them to look even older. Someone looked at pictures of old railroad cars, measured the aircraft for lace headrest covers, gold-filigreed wallpaper, and Victorian curtains, and “Gaslight Service” was born. It looked like this:

The theme was applied brilliantly – Stewardesses dressed like dance hall ladies passed out cigars, pretzels, and beer, and the airline schedules carried the warning that passengers should close the windows when going through tunnels. It was a wonderfully silly promotion that worked brilliantly; suddenly passengers wanted to fly the previously scorned airplanes instead of their faster rivals. During the two years of service Mohawk served 31,700 cans of beer, 17,600 cigars, a ton of pretzels, and half a ton of cheese, and earned enough money to buy new airplanes. Southwest Airlines, PSA, and other carriers had their whimsical moments, but this was probably the most light-hearted airline promotion ever…

Look at the grandeur of a dinner aboard the Hindenburg, the tables set as nicely as any restaurant of the era, starched linen shining, elegant china made just for the company set with mathematical precision…

The sense of solidity is so illusory – between fiery crashes and deliberate destruction, it all must be lost. Or is it? I was quite surprised when I found this at an airline memorabilia show in San Francisco:

It turns out that the company recognized that despite the renowned stability of the zeppelin, a higher level of breakage might be expected than at a restaurant on the ground, so they had a lot of extra dinnerware made. Alas, this wasn’t in my budget at the time so I couldn’t take it home, but even getting to see it was awe-inspiring.

When I looked at some airline ads, I kept having the feeling that I had seen these kind of images before, but couldn’t figure out where. Then I made the connection, assisted by a little mythology:

Pomona, Roman goddess of Abundance, as portrayed by William Morris about 1899

TWA ad, late 1950’s

Two woman, both offering food, surrounded by succulent-looking food – the stewardess and the goddess both promise abundance. One major difference: Pomona is usually portrayed as pregnant, and stewardesses in that era immediately lost their jobs at the first sign of incipient motherhood…

The first manned balloon flights were in 1783, and almost immediately the question of feeding the courageous aeronauts arose. The Belgian mathematician and engineer Étienne-Gaspard Robert, a dilettante inventor whose most famous creation was the magic lantern show, an early type of image projection, proposed this craft in the year 1804:

Minerva Balloon 1804

This balloon, called the Minerva, was intended to carry 150,000 pounds and accommodate 60 passengers. Among the items that were provided in the various rooms were an observatory, gymnasium, pilot house, doctor’s office, theatre, study, and, most to the point of this website, “The kitchen, far removed from the balloon. It is the only place where a fire shall be permitted.”

It would be easy to dismiss Robert, who also performed as a stage magician under the name Doctor Robertson, except for the fact that he was a keen scientist who also made many balloon ascents to observe natural phenomena. He took pigeons and butterflies to high altitudes to observe them, tested the evaporation of water and ether at different heights, measured air pressure, and tried many other experiments. Unfortunately he was not an astute observer, and many of his conclusions were wrong. He and an assistant once got to over 23,000 feet and set a height record, nearly freezing to death and asphyxiating in the process.

It is obvious to a modern observer that the Minerva could never have flown, but the fact that Robert had been thoughtful about the placement of the kitchen shows him to be the first to consider the problems of cooking in flight.

When a new invention becomes a success, the natural instinct of the businessman is to associate your product with it. That probably explains these products:

The name Clipper was a trademark of Pan Am, but apparently the laws regarding infringement were a lot more lenient in those days. Pan Am and the San Francisco brewery that made this beer are both long defunct, but one can still imagine the locals watching takeoffs from the airbase in Oakland, sipping a beer and wishing they were aboard.